FOTO KING THE KID

PIDGINS & CREOLES: Some Definitions

A lingua franca: is a language used by people whose mother tongues are different in order to communicate.

A Pidgin

• is a contact language or lingua franca that arose naturally (not like e.g. Esperanto) 
•  does not have native speakers
• is reduced in linguistic form and grammar
•  is restricted in contexts of use
•  is typically unstable and highly mixed
•   may sometimes be a stable variety with norms of acceptability,
•   but is NOT a fully adequate natural language.

Also, Pidgins:

• derive from the process of pidginization
• typically evolve from trade or plantation situations...
• ... where many languages occur but no one predominates;
• are the products of incomplete Second Language Acquisition, and thus...
• ... have small core vocabularies, and borrow extensively,
• ... have very surfacy grammar, much variation but little system,
• ... and sociolinguistically have no (or incoherent) norms of interpretation;
• have limited domains for expressive and communicative functions;
• typically either die out or evolve into creoles...
• ... through the process of creolization/nativization.

A Creole, on the other hand:

• does have native speakers
• has developed, thru expansion in linguistic form and grammar,
• and thru extension in use (communicative & expressive functions),
• into a full-fledged, complete and adequate natural language
• which is typically stable and autonomous in its norms

lso, Creoles:

• often evolve from pidgins, thru the creolization/nativization process;
• exist most often in post-colonial areas, where...
• ...they tend to be the vernacular of spontaneous daily use;
• are typically related to one widely-spoken language (often seen as a 'corruption' of it);
• are native languages acquired as mother tongues; thus...
• ...are products of First Language Acquisition, based on inadequate input (Bickerton);
• may either stabilize, decreolize thru contact, or die out
• may or may not be highly mixed, depending on their age & current language contacts;
• have established mechanisms for vocabulary extension (borrowing/integration rules);
• have less elaborate/grammaticalized structures in grammar than older languages do (whether standardized or not), but definitely more than pidgins;
• have much variation but coherent sociolinguistic norms (of evaluation/interpretation)
• have wider domains & are used more for expressive/communicative purposes...
• ... though they resemble non-standard dialects in terms of prestige;
• may remain stable over long periods or merge toward standard languages (decreolize).

Theories of Pidginization and Creolization:

divide up into those that are basically historical, versus those that are basically universalist. The basic facts they are both trying to explain are:

• why Creoles around the world, regardless of superstrate, are similar in structure (are they?)
• why Pidgins around the world, regardless of superstrate, are similar in structure (are they?)
• how and why Creoles and Pidgins are related:
• how they're similar, and how they're distinct
• how Creoles develop out of Pidgins (when and if they do)

Historical explanations:      

The basic idea is, most pidgins and creoles are the product of European colonialism going around the world and colliding with indigenous languages, often either enslaving their speakers or shipping them off to remote non-native areas to work as "indentured servants". So it originally seemed logical to try to explain as much as possible by common descent from the politically-dominant European "superstrate" languages and the "substrate" languages of the people they dominated - African languages in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean, Austronesian and other languages in the Pacific, and so on - taking into account different social circumstances that obtain over such a period of extended contact, which typically result in development of pidgins early on, and creoles later on.

Input languages into Pidgins and Creoles are often referred to by the terms:

• Superstrate: a language spoken by people who held a socially dominant position in the contact that produced them.
• Substrate: a language spoken by people who held a socially subordinate position in the contact that produced them.
• Adstrate: another language involved that's neither in a dominant nor a subordinate situation (often one that came into contact after the initial situation applied).

 Source: http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm

April Mop

April Mop, dikenal dengan April Fools' Day dalam bahasa Inggris, diperingati setiap tanggal 1 April setiap tahun. Pada hari itu, orang dianggap boleh berbohong atau memberi lelucon kepada orang lain tanpa dianggap bersalah. Hari ini ditandai dengan tipu-menipu dan lelucon lainnya terhadap keluarga, musuh, teman bahkan tetangga dengan tujuan mempermalukan orang-orang yang mudah ditipu. Di beberapa negara seperti Inggris dan Australia serta Afrika Selatan, lelucon hanya boleh dilakukan sampai siang atau sebelum siang hari.Seseorang yang memainkan trik setelah tengah hari disebut sebagai "April Mop"Namun di tempat lain seperti Kanada, Perancis, Irlandia, Italia, Rusia, Belanda, dan Amerika Serikat lelucon bebas dimainkan sepanjang hari.


April Mop dalam pandangan islam.

April Mop atau The April’s Fool Day, berawal dari satu episode sejarah Muslim Spanyol di tahun 1487 M, atau bertepatan dengan 892 H.

Sejak dibebaskan Islam pada abad ke-8 M oleh Panglima Thariq bin Ziyad, Spanyol berangsur-angsur tumbuh menjadi sebuah negara yang makmur. Islam telah menerangi Spanyol. Karena sikap para penguasa Islam yang begitu baik dan rendah hati, banyak orang-orang Spanyol yang kemudian dengan tulus dan ikhlas memeluk Islam. Keadaan tenteram seperti itu berlangsung hampir enam abad lamanya. Selama itu pula kaum non muslim yang masih ada di sekeliling Spanyol tanpa kenal lelah terus berupaya membersihkan Islam dari Spanyol, namun selalu gagal. Maka dikirimlah sejumlah mata-mata untuk mempelajari kelemahan umat Islam Spanyol. Akhirnya mereka menemukan cara untuk menaklukkan Islam, yaitu dengan melemahkan iman mereka melalui pemikiran dan budaya lebral.

Akhirnya Spanyol jatuh dan bisa dikuasai pasukan non muslim. Granada adalah daerah terakhir yang ditaklukkan. Penduduk-penduduk Islam di Spanyol (juga disebut orang Moor) terpaksa berlindung di dalam rumah untuk menyelamatkan diri. Tentara non muslim mengetahui bahwa banyak muslim Granada yang masih bersembunyi di rumah-rumah mereka. Dengan lantang tentara non muslim itu meneriakkan pengumuman, bahwa para Muslim Granada bisa keluar dari rumah dengan aman dan diperbolehkan berlayar keluar Spanyol dengan membawa barang-barang keperluan mereka. Orang orang Islam masih curiga dengan tawaran ini. Namun beberapa dari orang Muslim diperbolehkan melihat sendiri kapal- kapal penumpang yang sudah dipersiapkan di pelabuhan. Setelah benar-benar melihat ada kapal yang sudah disediakan, mereka pun segera bersiap untuk meninggalkan Granada dan berlayar meninggalkan Spanyol. Keesokan harinya, ribuan penduduk muslim Granada keluar dari rumah-rumah mereka dengan membawa seluruh barang-barang keperluan, beriringan berjalan menuju ke pelabuhan. Beberapa orang Islam yang tidak mempercayai pasukan non muslim, memilih bertahan dan terus bersembunyi di rumah-rumah mereka. Setelah ribuan umat Islam Spanyol berkumpul di pelabuhan, dengan cepat tentara non muslim menggeledah rumah-rumah yang telah ditinggalkan penghuninya. Lidah api terlihat menjilat-jilat angkasa ketika mereka membakari rumah-rumah tersebut bersama dengan orang-orang Islam yang masih bertahan di dalamnya. Sedang ribuan umat Islam yang tertahan di pelabuhan, hanya bisa terpana ketika tentara non muslim juga membakari kapal-kapal yang dikatakan akan mengangkut mereka keluar dari Spanyol. Ribuan umat Islam itu tidak bisa berbuat apa-apa karena sama sekali tidak bersenjata. Mereka juga kebanyakan terdiri dari para perempuan dengan anak-anaknya yang masih kecil-kecil. Sedangkan para tentara non muslim telah mengepung mereka dengan pedang terhunus. Dengan satu teriakan dari pemimpinnya, ribuan tentara non muslim segera menyerbu umat Islam Spanyol. Jerit tangis dan takbir membahana. Seluruh Muslim Spanyol di pelabuhan itu tewas sebagai syuhada.

Tragedi itu bertepatan dengan tanggal 1 April.Inilah yang kemudian diperingati oleh dunia barat sebagai April Mop (The April’s Fool Day). Pada tanggal 1 April, orang orang diperbolehkan menipu dan berbohong kepada orang lain. Sebab itulah, April Mop dirayakan dengan melegalkan penipuan dan kebohongan walau dibungkus dengan dalih sekedar hiburan atau keisengan belaka.

Bagi umat Islam, April Mop tentu merupakan tragedi yang sangat menyedihkan. Sebab itu, sangat tidak pantas jika ada orang Islam yang ikut ikutan merayakan tradisi ini.Siapapun orang Islam yang turut merayakan April Mop, maka ia sesungguhnya tengah merayakan ulang tahun pembunuhan ribuan saudara saudaranya di Granada, Spanyol 5 abad silam yang lalu.

Source:
http://blackfiles.mywapblog.com/april-mop-sejarah-kelam-islam-di-eropa.xhtml
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Mop#Peristiwa

RADIO FOR THE PEOPLE I LOVE YOU LYRIC

When you feel like there's no way out
Love is the only way

Sitting thinking bout when we were in love
You are the only one I ever dream of

I said oo oo oo
Why'd it have to end this way
Oo oo oo
Why'd you have to leave this way

Gave you everything now you wanna run
I guess you lovin me just wasn't that fun

I said oo oo oo
Why'd it have to end this way
Oo oo oo
Why you wanna leave this way

CHORUS
I love you
I love you
Ooo ooo ooo ooo
I love you
I love you
Ooo ooo ooo ooo

How does it feel to get your way tell me where you at
Oo baby
If we could make it work again would you want me back

Oh baby answer me I'm here all alone
If you could see me here sittin by the phone

HEY!

Sometimes I feel like you and I still are meant to be
Oo baby
If I could have another chance I would make you see

Oh please tell me that you love me again
To live without you baby my life would end

Look at me now

When I had you I was so wrong
But this is now (I've changed) and that was then (uh huh)
Everyone keeps saying move on, but I can't forget

CHORUS
I love you
I love you
Ooo ooo ooo ooo
I love you
I love you
Ooo ooo ooo ooo

You know I love you
Hear what I say
Think I need rehab got me drinkin night and day
I said yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
I said yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah

If you still love me, go ahead and say
You know I wouldn't have it any other way
I said yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
I said yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah

When I had you I was so wrong
But this is now (I've changed) and that was then (uh huh)
Everyone keeps saying move on, but I can't forget
We can't go wrong

Sitting thinking back when we were in love
You were the only one I ever dream of

I said oo oo oo
Why'd it have to end this way
Oo oo oo
Why'd you have to leave this way

I gave you everything now you wanna run
I guess you lovin me just wasn't that fun

I said oo oo oo
Why you wanna leave this way
Oo oo oo
Why you wanna end this way

I love you everyday
Don't get away
Take me away

I love you every day
In every way
So baby stay

Oh baby answer me I'm here all alone
If you could see me here sitting by the phone

HEY!

I love you everyday
Don't get away
Take me away

I love you every day
In every way
Oh baby stay

Oh please tell me that you love me again
To live without you baby my life would end

Impersonal “It” and “There”

 

In many kinds of English sentence, you will find the word "it" or the word "there" in the subject position. These are usually "impersonal" sentences -- sentences where there is no natural subject.

IMPERSONAL "IT"

Functions of impersonal "IT"

A. Talking about weather
It's raining this morning. There was heavy rain.
It was sunny yesterday.

B. Identifying something
"Who is it?"
"It's me."

C. Talking about time
"What time is it?"
"It's five o'clock."

D. Talking about distance

“How far is it to Toronto?”
“It’s 4000 kilometers.” 

Another example: 

1. It was impossible now to conceive of a great power that was not a great economy.
2. Thus it was easy for the leaders to dominate the organization.
3. It was the arrival of Lenin, which changed everything in Russia.
4. It was also difficult politically, when the new parties refused to cooperate with the old governments.
5. It would seem clear that the traditional lecture/tutorial methods would not be able to cope easily with the demand unless there was a large increase in numbers of academic staff

Impersonal “there”

Impersonal “there” is used to say that something exists in a particular place:

A. Singular
There is a book on the table.

B. Plural
There are three men in the car.

 

Source: 

http://vlc.polyu.edu.hk/academicwriter/tone/It/It.htm

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/impers.htm

http://tx.english-ch.com/teacher/chris/level-a/grammar-in-use-impersonal-it-and-there/

Example Conversation at the Hospital

Conversation at the Hospital

Actors:

Patient (P)
Doctor (D)
Nurse (N)
Patient’s Wife (W)
Patient’s Friend (F)
People on the street (I)

On the street (Wife and Indra)

W : Excuse me. Where is the nearest hospital?
I : It is about 2 miles from here. You will have to hire a taxi. You can also go by bus.
W : I see. Is there a bus station near here?
I : Yes, there is a bus stop at the corner.
W : Thank you.
I : Don’t mention it.


At the hospital (Doctor, Wife, Patient and Nurse)

D : Did he lose consciousness after the injury?
W : Yes, he did. He blacked out for about half an hour. Then he regained consciousness.
D : (asking the patient) do you remember how you were injured?

W : Doctor, my husband tripped and fell, hitting his head quite hard. He has a headache, so I thought I’d better bring him in and see what’s wrong with him.
D : When did it happen?
W : This morning. About two hours ago.
D : Does he have high blood pressure or diabetes?
W : No.
P : Oh, oh. (Patient vomit)
D : Well, he is unconscious again now. Has he been vomiting all the time before coming to hospital?
W : Yes.
D : Now, let’s have a look at him. The pupil on the right is dilated and does not react to light. There’s no reaction to pain in the left extremities. I’m afraid your husband has torn a blood vessel when he hit his head, and the blood is compressing his brain, causing his present condition. I’ll talk over his problem with the neurosurgeon and decide what to do.
W : Thank you, Doctor. I’m so worried. Do you think my husband will live?
D : Don’t worry. We’ll do everything we can to save him. I’ve just finished talking to the neurosurgeon. Your husband is in a coma due to extradural hemorrhage. In order to save him, we think we should operate on him. We need your permission to do this.
W : Anything you say, Doctor, as long as he gets well.
D : Well. Could you sign this paper to give your consent for the operation? I think everything will be all right.
W : Shall I stay here?
D : If you want to, you can wait, and I’ll let you know the result of the surgery.
N : Please wait in the sitting room. I’ll keep you informed of what is going on.
N : We are going to do the operation on you tomorrow. I hope you don’t worry.
P : I will try not to, but will it hurt?
N : We’ll give you anesthesia. If you feel any pain during the operation, just let us know. Have you handed in your consent yet?
P : How should I write it?
N : “I (name) the undersigned have requested and consented to a certain operation.” That’s all. We need the seal of your embassy and the signature of your Ambassador on the consent form.
N : I’d like to shave off the hair around the operation area.
P : I have never been in a hospital before. I’m so scared.
N : There is nothing to worry about. The doctor who will operate on you is very experienced and considerate. If you have any discomfort during the operation, please don’t hesitate to tell him. I will give you an enema tonight. After that, please don’t take any food or water before the operation.


After the Operation

F : Hey, how are u doing?
P : A lot better. Thanks for coming to visit me.
F : No problem. I brought you some flowers, and a get well card.
P : Wow thanks.
F : What exactly happened to you?
P : Well my family was coming home for a trip. I tripped and fell, hitting my head quite hard.
F : Sounds painful. So, what’s it like staying in a hospital?
P : Its not too bad. The food is gross.
F : Oh really? I’ll have to bring you some tomorrow.
P : That would be great. They also have a library.
F : That’s cool, do you go there a lot?
P : Not really. It’s on the other side of the hospital.
F : Oh, okay. Well, I have to go, but I’ll come back tomorrow. When are visiting hours?
P : You can come at 9 AM.
F : Okay, see you then!
P : Bye!

Verb Lists: Infinitives and Gerunds

Verbs Followed by an Infinitive She agreed to speak before the game.
agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend	consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get happen	have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect	offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say	shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish

Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive Everyone expected her to win.
advise allow ask beg bring build buy challenge	choose command dare direct encourage expect forbid force	have hire instruct invite lead leave let like	love motivate order pay permit persuade prepare promise	remind require send teach tell urge want warn
Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above and may be used without an object.

Verbs Followed by a Gerund They enjoyed working on the boat.
admit advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider	delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse	finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss	permit postpone practice quit recall report resent	resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time)

Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund We concentrated on doing well.
admit to approve of argue about believe in care about complain about concentrate on confess to	depend on disapprove of discourage from dream about feel like forget about insist on object to	plan on prevent (someone) from refrain from succeed in talk about think about worry about

Source : http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu